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This series presents information based in part on theory and conjecture.

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The producer's purpose is to suggest some possible explanations, but not necessarily

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the only ones to the mysteries we will examine.

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In 1917, Tsar Nicholas and his royal family were on the brink of catastrophe.

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The sudden violence of the Russian Revolution stripped the Tsar of his power.

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The entire royal family was brutally murdered.

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A legend endures, however, that the Tsar's youngest daughter, Anastasia, escaped the

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massacre and is still alive today.

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In 1913, Russia proudly celebrated 300 years under Romanov rule.

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Tsar Nicholas was probably the richest man in the world.

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Tsarina Alexandra was a German princess whom Nicholas married against his parents' wishes.

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They have an ailing son, Alexei, and four daughters, Olga, Tautanya, Maria, and Anastasia.

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Born in 1901, Anastasia is the youngest and most exuberant of the girls.

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Life for the royal family was happy and carefree.

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Roller skating on the royal yacht was a favorite pastime for the Tsar's daughters.

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A continual flurry of extravagant social events kept the Tsarina happily occupied.

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A reluctant ruler, Tsar Nicholas found contentment in the frivolous world of family and court.

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He stayed completely isolated from the poverty and ferment of his land.

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In much of Russia, food was in short supply.

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Hunger a daily reality.

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Eighty-five percent of Russia's people were peasants.

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Tsar Nicholas's father, Alexander II, had freed them from serfdom, and now they wanted

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to own the land they farmed.

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Workers were demanding higher wages and to be treated as other than slaves.

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Yet Tsar Nicholas remained aloof in a royal world of privilege and established order.

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By 1917, the disastrous war with Germany had cost Russia uncounted millions of lives.

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Soldiers deserted by the thousands.

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They were threats of revolution.

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In the streets of St. Petersburg, angry demonstrators demanded immediate change.

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Workers went on strike.

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Soldiers joined the people.

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In a desperate attempt to restore order, the Tsar's generals asked Nicholas to renounce

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his throne.

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On March 15, 1917, Tsar Nicholas abdicated.

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To ensure their safety, Nicholas and his family were held as prisoners.

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Their fate remained uncertain.

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Everywhere, the once-sacred symbols of Tsardom were torn away.

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In Petersburg became a hotbed of political struggle among several revolutionary factions.

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All were determined to rest control of Russia, to create a new social order.

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The radical Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, won the ruthless battle for power when they stormed

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the Winter Palace.

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A Russian film heroically dramatized their conquest.

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The royal family was now taken to the small Ural mountain town of Ekaterinburg.

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They were housed in a mansion under strict Bolshevik guard.

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According to history, on July 17, 1918, the entire royal family was brought to the basement

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of the mansion and murdered.

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Their bodies were then hacked apart and tossed into a mineshaft.

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More than 50 years after the Romanov massacre, two British journalists, Tony Summers and

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Tom Mangold, uncovered startling new historical facts about the fate of the Russian royal

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family.

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We got started on this in the way that most journalists start a story, which is reading

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somebody else's story or reading the mail or reading newspapers.

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In our case, we read a letter in the times of London which asked what had happened to

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the relics of the last Tsar of Russia, where were they now in Europe?

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And we thought that was vaguely interesting, where indeed were the relics, and what had

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really happened to the last Tsar of Russia and his family in the Romanovs.

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We thought it was an interesting area which had never been fully investigated and we set

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about it.

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We thought it would take about two weeks, turn out to take about six years.

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But the high point of the investigation was finding the original files of the white Russian

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investigator Sokolov, who gave history of the version of what happened to the Romanovs.

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We found these files at Harvard University in the States.

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And we found very quickly that he had cheated in what he had given to the world.

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In other words, the truth was not as everybody thought the truth had been.

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A devout anti-Bolshevik, Nikolai Sokolov, explored the mineshaft where the Romanovs

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were said to be buried.

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Numerous bodies were unearthed, but none were those of the royal family.

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But based on scant and tenuous evidence which included fragments of bones, several sets

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of corset stays, a denture which may have belonged to the Tsar's physician, and a dismembered

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finger, perhaps the Tsarina's, Sokolov brashly concluded that the entire royal family had

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been slaughtered by Bolshevik soldiers.

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Our evidence collected from a mass of testimony in many different sources, in Germany, Britain,

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and in the Harvard Files, suggests that the females of the imperial family, that's the

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Tsarina and her four daughters, including the famous Anastasia, did not die at a Katrinberg,

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but were taken away by the retreating Bolsheviks to a town about 300 miles northwest.

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And that there they were held for three or four months after their supposed deaths.

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We know they were alive from the evidence of relatives of guards, people who'd been

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able to catch glimpses of them, but apparently reliable witnesses, witnesses whose evidence

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was completely suppressed in the official inquiry in the twenties.

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These witnesses tell us how the family were kept alive.

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Anastasia was with them up to a certain point.

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And then sometime in the fall, probably the first or second week of September 1918, Anastasia

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made one and possibly two escape attempts.

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In February 1920, a half dead person was dragged from a Berlin canal.

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It was a young, unidentified woman who appeared about 20 years old.

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She was admitted to the Elizabeth Hospital for observation.

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She seemed frightened and bewildered and refused to reveal her identity to the doctors.

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After two years of silence, she claimed she was the grand duchess Anastasia.

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Towerger Empress Marie, the Tsar's mother, heard of the girl and sent relatives to investigate.

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None could say absolutely that the woman was Anastasia.

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They reported that at best, the ailing girl had only a few years left to live.

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Yet others recognized the girl immediately.

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Grand Duke Andre, the Tsar's cousin, identified her as Anastasia.

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Tatania Votkin, a childhood playmate, positively recognized her.

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For them and others, there was no doubt that the woman was Anastasia.

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The identity of the woman who claimed to be Anastasia became the subject of a vicious

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feud among the surviving Romanovs.

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Political intrigue and the prospect of a huge inheritance played a major role in the dispute.

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For the next 20 years, her life was unpredictable and erratic.

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She spent much of her time in and out of hospitals.

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She was pursued and celebrated by American high society.

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She lived for years as a guest of European royalty.

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Yet still, she had no official identity.

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Trapped in a Russian zone during World War II, the supposed Anastasia was rescued by

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a former German prince and given a small house in the Black Forest.

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There she lived in determined seclusion under the assumed name of Anna Anderson.

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Plays and movies based on her life had brought unwanted attention.

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She resented any intrusion and in 1968 she abruptly left her hideaway to marry an American

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and thereby achieve her first legal identity.

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Today, she and her husband are respected members of a prestigious country club in Charlottesville,

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Virginia.

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I am John E. Manahan of Charlottesville, Virginia, and this is my wife, the Grand Duchess Anastasia

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of Russia.

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We were married on July, no, on December 27, 1968.

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And we've been living here in Charlottesville and have made a number of trips around the

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country since.

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I know a lot of people are wondering how are we to believe that you are Anastasia.

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How shall I tell you who I am?

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In which way?

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Can you tell me that?

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Can you really prove to me who you are?

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I can prove who I am.

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You can believe it or you don't believe it.

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It doesn't matter.

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And no anyway whatsoever.

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Those people who hear this mess, they get up in the bed, I'll go to sleep and I'll see

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them.

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They don't know what to hear or what to see and they are not interested.

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Recently, compelling new evidence has added support to the claim that Anna Anderson Manahan

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is the Grand Duchess Anastasia.

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In a house nearly concealed by untended bushes, the Manahans live a slow and rarely interrupted

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life.

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Her numerous cats are now Mrs. Manahan's main concern.

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Mr. Manahan is a retired history professor with a passionate interest in royal genealogy.

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This is a picture she's coming at, I think, here is Anastasia as she was in 1929.

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And these are the parakeets that were brought from Honolulu by Princess Plania of Russia

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after she came on the Beringaria the year after the Prince of Wales had come on the

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same ship.

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And this is the calendar, the Russian imperial calendar showing the four sisters,

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Lizarra, Lizarina and Lizarravich.

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This is about 1913 from Russia.

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My cats must die for all of these.

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Mr. Dirt, absolutely, come on, sit down.

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This is the book Russian America about the sale of Alaska, just have a seat.

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And the pile.

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Don't put the hat on, take the hat off.

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I don't.

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I keep that hat on.

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Sit in the yellow chair, if you will.

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In which chair?

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That's done.

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No, sit in this yellow chair right here.

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I don't sit there.

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You're going to sit in that chair.

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All right, that's her favorite chair sitting, which is the one that's sitting in the chair.

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I don't sit there.

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You're going to sit in that chair.

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All right, that's her favorite chair sitting.

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Can you see her in that chair?

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Yes.

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Take the hat off.

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I won't.

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All right, now let me see what else we have to show.

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Now over here are Maria and Tatiana, and I think this is Maria.

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And I think this tall one is Tatiana.

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Now actually their hair was all closer to the red that you see of the, without your glasses,

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can you tell this apart?

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It's not very easy to do, is it?

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This is a rather unfamiliar thing, and it's in color.

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But I say Maria, Anastasia, Tatiana, Zarina, Zahravic, and Olga Seedy.

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And I'm pretty sure that's Olga, although she looks smaller than the other, she was actually the oldest.

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I believe that's the way we've gone over this quite often.

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I think that's what we settled.

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In 1967, the now Mrs. Manahan made a rare public appearance outside her black forest home.

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A German court was expected to rule at any time on her long-standing claim to be the grand Duchess Anastasia.

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Her court case alone had made legal history.

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Lasting 32 years, it was the longest running legal battle of the century and drew much attention.

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She was represented by some of Germany's most eminent lawyers who virtually donated their services.

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Members of European aristocracy spent small fortunes trying to disprove her claim.

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In the end, the verdict was unsatisfactory to both sides.

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The Supreme Court finally ruled that her identity as Anastasia had been neither proved nor refuted.

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Ian Lilburn, a research historian, was present at much of the Anastasia trial.

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He is the acknowledged expert on the case.

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Yes, I have studied the case now for 14 years, and although I began from a completely hostile attitude,

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I have, in the course of time, come around to believing absolutely in her identity as the grand Duchess Anastasia.

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It's not so much the evidence. There is a vast amount of circumstantial evidence in her favor,

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but the little details and anecdotes which in themselves mean nothing in a court of law

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are vastly impressive to anyone who has experienced them in her presence,

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the spontaneity of her remarks and her whole bearing and manner.

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And her character is not the character of an impostor at all.

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She never cooperated properly with her lawyers.

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She is ready to quarrel most of all with the people who have done more for her than anyone.

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An impostor would bend over backwards to try to help her friends and her lawyers.

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She's done quite the opposite.

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Today, Romanov relatives live scattered throughout the world.

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Grand Duke Vladimir spends part of each year in Paris.

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He is the assumptive heir to the Romanov throne.

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I think that it's highly unlikely that Anderson could be an assassin,

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because of course you can imagine that the question interested me very much indeed.

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And I went into it in great detail and for many reasons, I think which would be rather too long to enumerate here,

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I eventually came to the conclusion that she couldn't possibly be my cousin Anastasia.

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Prince Frederick of Sax Altenburg has been a consistent supporter of Anna Anderson Manahan.

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We've been very often and very sorely beset together and I'm absolutely convinced that she is a real Anastasia.

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In the film Anastasia, Ingrid Bergman and Helen Hayes performed a fairy tale scene of recognition which in real life never occurred.

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He would say it was all acting. She was some cheap little actress they hired for money.

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In a way they did hire me. I was starving after I ran from the last asylum.

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I had nowhere to go. Oonin found me on the bank of the Seine.

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Maybe I should have run away from him too, but I was so tired of running.

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You are ill.

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No. I cough only because I'm a little frightened. It doesn't mean...

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Say that again.

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Did I cough when I'm frightened?

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When you were a little girl you coughed when you were frightened.

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Mayankaya. Mayankaya. You have come from so far away and I've waited so long.

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No, no, no. Don't cry. There's no need to be frightened.

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No, no, don't speak. You are safe Anastasia. You are with me.

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Recently in Munich, fresh scientific evidence about the identity of Anna Anderson Manahan was made public.

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It is information which 20 years ago might have changed the course of her life.

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One of Germany's leading identification experts, Dr. Moritz Furtmayer, has made a careful anatomical comparison of Anna Anderson Manahan and the historical Anastasia.

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By matching the cardinal points of their faces, he has discovered an overwhelming degree of physical similarity.

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Based on facial comparisons alone, Furtmayer believes that they are one and the same.

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Yet more compelling evidence has come from the comparison of their ears, which like fingerprints are unique to each individual.

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A photograph of the historical Anastasia's ear was compared with the ear of Anna Anderson Manahan.

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Furtmayer concluded that the two were identical. The Grand Duchess Anastasia was absolutely the woman known as Anna Anderson Manahan.

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I would like to see Anastasia to live and have some reputable historians in the world say yes.

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They believe that this really is the last surviving daughter of the Tsar Anzarina.

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Would you like to see a happy resolution of this matter in your lifetime?

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I spit on you!

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And the fact remains with Anastasia, or Anna Anderson, or whoever the hell she is, we will never know it is now too late,

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even if she were to become and tell the full truth, supposing she is the Grand Duchess Anastasia, it could never be checked out.

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It is too late and all we have is the dry evidence and the hunch and that's all we're going to have.

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For over 50 years this single woman's battle for recognition has captured the public's imagination.

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Her plight has been one of history's most beguiling mysteries, yet still today only she knows for certain if she is the Grand Duchess Anastasia.

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Today for Mrs. John Manahan, the 50 year quest to establish her true identity is coming to an end.

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Weary and frustrated from a lifetime of claims, counter charges and court cases, all she now asks is to be left alone.

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Coming up next, 20th Century with Mike Wallace reports on the FBI and the controversy that surrounds its work in the era following the death of J. Edgar Hoover.

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Then weapons at war take you into battle with elite German troops of World War II.

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And log on at veterans.com, a new website brought to you by the History Channel.

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Veterans.com, a place where veterans, their families and others can connect, share stories and pass on the legacies of all American veterans.